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assassination of John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth
President of the United States, took place on Friday,
November 22,
1963, in
Dallas, Texas,
USA at 12:30 p.m.
CST (18:30
UTC).
Kennedy was
fatally
wounded by
gunshots while riding with
his wife in a presidential
motorcade through
Dealey Plaza.
An official investigation by the
Warren Commission was conducted over a 10-month period, and its report was published in September 1964. The Commission concluded that the
assassination was carried out solely by
Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the
Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza. This conclusion initially met with widespread support among the American public, but polling in recent years shows a majority of that public now hold beliefs contrary to the Commission's findings.
[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/20/national/main584668.shtml]The
United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) concluded in 1979 that Kennedy was assassinated by Oswald probably as a result of a conspiracy. This conclusion was based on taped acoustic evidence, that has since been called into question. The assassination is still the subject of widespread speculation, and has spawned a number of
theories.
Background to the Texas trip
thumb|200px|A handbill circulated on [[November 21, 1963
In Dallas, Texas, one day before the assassination of John F. Kennedy.]]
Kennedy had chosen to visit Dallas for three main reasons: to help generate more
Democratic Party presidential campaign fund contributions in advance of the November 1964
presidential election; to begin his quest for re-election; and, as the Kennedy-
Johnson ticket had barely won Texas (and had lost Dallas) in 1960, to mend political fences among several leading Texas Democratic Party members who appeared to be fighting politically amongst themselves.citation
There were concerns about security because as recently as
October 24,
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson had been jeered, jostled, struck by a protest sign, and spat upon during a visit to Dallas. The danger from a concealed sniper on the Dallas trip was also of concern. President Kennedy himself had mentioned it the morning he was assassinated, as had the Service agents when they were fixing the motorcade route.citation
Sgt. Davis, of the Dallas Police Department, had prepared the most stringent security precautions in the city's history, so that the demonstrations like those marking the Stevenson visit would not happen again. But Winston Lawson of the Secret Service, who was in charge of the planning, told the Dallas Police not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car. This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries. Police Chief
Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, the murder might have been prevented, because they carried submachine guns and rifles to take out any attackers, or at least they might have been able to stop Oswald before he left the building.
[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/curry1.htm]It was planned that Kennedy would travel from
Love Field airport in a motorcade through downtown Dallas (including
Dealey Plaza) to give a speech at the Dallas Trade Mart. The car in which he was traveling was a 1961
Lincoln Continental, open-top, modified limousine. No presidential car with a bulletproof top was yet in service in 1963, though plans for such a top were presented in October 1963.citation
Just before 12:30 p.m. CST, Kennedy’s limousine slowly approached the
Texas School Book Depository head-on, and then the limousine slowly turned the 120-degrees directly in front of the depository, now only 65 feet (20 m) away.citation
Assassination
{|align=right
|
left|thumb|200px|The route taken by the motorcade within Dealey Plaza. North is towards the almost direct-left|}
see|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy
When the limousine had passed the depository, shots were fired at Kennedy.citation Although the Warren Commission found that the limousine maintained an average speed of 11.2 miles per hour based on the Zapruder film,
[ http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-2.html#speed Warren Commission Report, Chap. 2, pp. 49] some witnesses to the assassination recall seeing the limousine slow down or stop.
[ http://www.jfkassassination.net/59wit.htm Vince Palamara, Fifty-nine Witnesses: Delay on Elm Street 1998] The shooting took place on Elm street in front of the
John Neely Bryan north pergola concrete structure in
Dealey Plaza. A number of people were near the assassination site on both sides of the street, but notably
Abraham Zapruder was standing on the western pedestal of the pergola making a continuous
film of the President as he passed below his position. At one point, he testified to the shock, disbelief, and then the horror of seeing the President murdered right in front of where he was standing.
[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/zapruder.htm Transcript of Testimony of Abraham Zapruder] Secret Service agent
Clinton J. Hill was riding on the left front running board of the car immediately behind the Presidential limousine. Sometime after the shot that hit the president in the neck area, Hill jumped off and ran to overtake the limousine.
[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/hill_c.htm]After the shot that hit the president in the head, Hill jumped onto the back of the limousine and clung to the car as it exited
Dealey Plaza and sped to
Parkland Memorial Hospital.
left|thumb|150px|Photo by [Ike Altgens taken after at least two shots had already been fired (detail).]
There was hardly any reaction in the crowd to the first shot, many later saying they thought they had heard a firecracker or a car's exhaust backfire.citation
Others wounded
Texas Governor
John Connally, riding in the same limousine in a seat in front of the President, was also critically injured, but survived. Doctors later stated that after the Governor was shot, Mrs. Connally pulled the Governor onto her lap, and the resulting posture helped close his front chest wound (which was causing air to be sucked directly into his chest around his collapsed right lung).citation
James Tague, a spectator and witness to the assassination, also received a minor wound to his right cheek while standing 270 feet (82 meters) in front of where Kennedy was shot. The injury resulted from debris ejected when a bullet struck a nearby curb.citation
Lee Harvey Oswald
main|Lee Harvey
Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested eighty minutes after the assassination for killing Dallas police officer
J. D. Tippit. He was captured in a nearby movie theatre. Oswald resisted arrest and was forcibly restrained by the police. He was charged with murders of Tippit and Kennedy later that evening. Oswald denied shooting the president and claimed he was a
patsy. Oswald's case never came to trial because two days later, while being transported to an armored car for holding in the Dallas County Jail prior to his trial, he was shot and killed by
Jack Ruby.citation
Mannlicher-Carcano rifle
main|John F. Kennedy
A 6.5 x 52 mm Italian
Mannlicher-Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle was found on the 6th Floor of the Texas Book Depository by
Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman and Deputy
Sheriff Eugene Boone soon after the assassination of President Kennedy.
[http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/wcr/page645.php] The recovery was filmed by
Tom Alyea of
WFAA-TV.
[http://www.jfk-online.com/alyea.html] This footage shows the rifle to be a
Mannlicher-Carcano, and it was later verified by photographic analysis commissioned by the HSCA that the rifle filmed was the exact same one identified as the assassination weapon. A distinctive gouge mark and identical dimensions also identify it as the rifle in the Oswald backyard photographs.
[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/infojfk/jfk6/assass.htm]A bullet found on Connally's hospital stretcher was ballisticly matched to this rifle.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-3.html#bullet] The previous March, the rifle had been bought by Lee Harvey Oswald under the name "A. Hidell" and delivered to P.O. box in Dallas.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#purchase] A partial palm print of Oswald was also found on the barrel of the gun.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#palmprint]Kennedy declared dead in the emergency room
see|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy
The staff at Parkland Hospital's Trauma Room 1 who treated Kennedy observed that his condition was "moribund", meaning that he had no chance of survival upon arriving at the hospital. Dr. George Gregory Burkley, the President's personal physician arrived at the Parkland emergency room where the President was located, five minutes after the President arrived. Dr. Burkley observed both the head wound and a wound to the back of the President and determined the head wound was the cause of death. Dr. Burkley signed President Kennedy's death certificate.
[http://history-matters.com/archive/jfk/arrb/master_med_set/md6/html/Image0.htm]At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00
UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the president was pronounced dead. "We never had any hope of saving his life", one doctor said.
[http://jfkassassination.net/russ/testimony/mcclella.htm]The
priest who administered the last rites to Kennedy told
The New York Times that the president was already dead by the time he had arrived at the hospital, and he had to draw back a sheet covering the president's face to administer the sacrament of
Extreme Unction. Kennedy's death was officially announced by acting White House Press Secretary
Malcolm Kilduff at 1:38 p.m. CST (19:38
UTC).citation
Governor Connally, meanwhile, was soon taken to emergency surgery where he underwent two operations that day.citation
A few minutes after 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00
UTC), and after a confrontation between Dallas police and Secret Service agents, Kennedy's body was placed in a casket and taken from Parkland Hospital and driven to
Air Force One. The casket was then loaded aboard the airplane through the rear door, where it remained at the rear of the passenger compartment, in place of a removed row of seats. The body was removed before a forensic examination could be conducted by the Dallas County coroner, which violated Texas state law (the murder was a state crime, and occurred under Texas legal jurisdiction). At that time, it was not a federal offense to kill the President.citation
Vice President
Lyndon B. Johnson (who had been riding two cars behind Kennedy in the motorcade through Dallas and was not injured) became
President of the United States upon Kennedy's death. Johnson took the oath of office on board
Air Force One just before it departed
Love Field.citation
Autopsy
main|John F. Kennedy
After
Air Force One landed at
Andrews Air Force Base, just outside
Washington DC, Kennedy's body was taken to
Bethesda Naval Hospital for an immediate
autopsy.citation
The autopsy (about 8 to 11 p.m. EST Nov. 22) was followed by embalming and cosmetic funeral preparation (about 11 P.M. to 4 A.M.) in the morgue at Bethesda, in a room adjacent to the autopsy theater. This was done by a team of private mortuary personnel, who made an unusual trip to the hospital for this procedure, not ordinarily done there. The body, prepared for viewing, was then placed in a casket for transportation to Washington, D.C.citation
The autopsy of President Kennedy performed the night of November 22 at the
Bethesda Naval Hospital led the three examining pathologists to conclude that the bullet wound to the head was fatal, and the bullet had:
"Entered Kennedy's head through a small hole in the scalp in the rear of the president's head, on the right hand side'.... with a final exit of this missile, or fragments of it, through a large lateral defect in the right parietal region of the skull over the right ear. (emphasis added) [http://jfkassassination.net/russ/jfkinfo3/exhibits/ce386.jpg]
The autopsy report said the defect extended into the right temporal and occipital regions of the skull.
The report addressed a second missile which "entered Kennedy's upper back above the shoulder blade, passed through the strap muscles at the base of his neck, bruising the upper tip of the right lung without puncturing it, then exiting the front (anterior) neck," in a wound that was destroyed by the tracheotomy incision.
[http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/pdf/WH16_CE_387.pdf] This autopsy finding was not corroborated by the President's personal physician, Dr. Burkley, who recorded, on the death certificate, a bullet to have hit Kennedy at "about" the level of the third thoracic vertebra.
http://history-matters.com/archive/jfk/arrb/master_med_set/md6/html/Image0.htm (Image) Supporting this location along with the bullet hole in the shirt worn by Kennedy,
http://www.jfklancer.com/photos/Evidence/Shirt.jpg (Image) and the bullet hole in the suit jacket worn by Kennedy
http://www.jfklancer.com/photos/Evidence/jfkjacket.GIF (Image) which show bullet holes between 5 and 6 inches below Kennedy's collar.
http://www.jfklancer.com/docs.maps/skeleton.GIF (Image). However, photographic analysis of the motorcade shows that the president's jacket was bunched below his neckline, and was not lying smoothly along his skin, so the clothing measurements have been subject to historical criticism as being untrustworthy on the matter of the exact location of the back wound
[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/bunched2.htm]. Dr. J. Thornton Boswell's face sheet diagram from the autopsy sheet is sometimes used to support a lower back wound
http://www.jfklancer.com/docs.maps/autopdescript1.gif (Image). However, in 1966 Boswell himself noted that this drawing was never intended to be scale-exact, and he re-drew it for the benefit of
The Baltimore Sun on
November 25,
1966, placing an X at the higher spot.
http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/sun.gif (Image) Boswell stated that his measurements of 14 cm (5.5 inches) from the ear and shoulder properly locate the wound, and these are inconsistent with a wound at the third thoracic vertebra.
[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/sbt.htm] Moreover, all three Bethesda doctors would authenticate for the
HSCA autopsy photographs showing an entry wound at the level of C6 (the sixth cervical vertebra, at the base of the neck), which is the entry level as determined by the HSCA investigation on the basis of photographic and X-ray evidence from the autopsy.citation
The HSCA assembled a medical team in 1979 and provided a detailed criticism
[http://www.geocities.com/jfkinfo/hscv7c.htm#crit] of the Kennedy autopsy in which it found "serious" procedural errors including failure to take proper photographs, and failure to accurately locate wounds with reference to fixed anatomic reference points.
Later federal agencies such as the
Assassination Records Review Board [http://www.fas.org/sgp/advisory/arrb98/index.html] criticized the autopsy on a number of grounds including destruction of the original draft of the autopsy report and notes taken at the time of the autopsy, and failure to maintain a proper chain of custody of all of the autopsy materials.
[http://www.fas.org/sgp/advisory/arrb98/part09.htm]Funeral
thumb|right|The funeral of John F. Kennedymain|State funeral of John F.
After being prepared for a funeral, the President's body was then brought back to the
White House and placed in the East Room in a closed casket for 24 hours, but was privately and briefly viewed during this time by the Kennedy family and some close friends.citation The Sunday following the assassination, his flag-draped closed casket was moved to the Capitol for public viewing. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket.citation
Representatives from over 90 countries, including the
Soviet Union, attended the funeral on
November 25 (which was his
son's third birthday). After the service, the casket was taken by
caisson to
Arlington National Cemetery for burial.citation
Recordings of the assassination
thumb|375px|Dealey Plaza, with Elm Street on the right - and the underpass in the middle.No
radio or
television stations broadcast the assassination live because the area through which the motorcade was traveling was not considered important enough for a live broadcast. Most media crews were not even with the motorcade, but were waiting instead at the
Trade Mart in anticipation of Kennedy's arrival. Those members of the media that were with the motorcade were riding at the rear of the procession.citation
thumb|Looking south, with the pergola and knoll behind the photographer. The X on the street marks the position of the final head shot. Photo taken July, 2006.However, Kennedy's last seconds traveling through
Dealey Plaza were recorded on silent
8 mm film for the 26.6 seconds before, during, and immediately following the assassination. This famous film footage was taken by garment manufacturer and amateur cameraman
Abraham Zapruder, in what became known as the
Zapruder film. It is famous to the general public for an appearance of the president's head to be moving backward and to his left after the last bullet struck him.
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/features/zapruder0626.htm] Stills from the film were published by Life magazine shortly after the assassination and there were repeated, but heavily edited, showings on television starting in 1970.citation
Zapruder was not the only one who photographed or filmed at least part of the assassination. Bystanders with still or motion cameras included Robert Hughes,
Orville Nix, Charles Bronson, Elsie Dorman, Tina and Jim Towner, Philip Willis and
Mary Moorman. The lone professional in Dealey Plaza who was not in the press car was
Ike Altgens, photo editor for the
Associated Press in Dallas.citation
An unidentified woman, nicknamed the
Babushka Lady by researchers, might have been filming the presidential motorcade during the assassination because she was seen apparently doing so on film and photographs taken by the others.citation
Sealing of assassination records
Just before the
1964 presidential election,
President Johnson ordered the Warren Commission documentations to be sealed against public availability for 75 years (until
2039). However, in
1992 Congress enacted the
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. Congress questioned the legitimate need for continued protection of such records after three decades of secrecy. The purpose of the Act was to gather and accelerate the public release of assassination related documents.citation
The Act requires all documents related to the assassination that have not been destroyed to be released to the public by no later than
2017.citation
Additionally, several key pieces of evidence and documentation are described to have been lost, cleaned, or missing from the original chain of evidence (e.g., limousine cleaned out at hospital, Connally's suit dry-cleaned, Oswald's Marine Corps service record file lost, Connally's Stetson hat and shirt sleeve gold cufflink missing, forensic autopsy photos missing, etc.)
On
May 19,
2044, the 50th anniversary of the death of
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, if her last child has died, the
Kennedy library will release to the public a 500-page transcript of an oral history about John F. Kennedy given by Mrs. Kennedy before her death in 1994.citation
Assassination Records Review Board
The Assassination Records Review Board was not commissioned to make any findings or conclusions. It's purpose was to release documents to the public, to allow the public to make it's own conclusions.citation
From
1992 until
1998, the
Assassination Records Review Board gathered and unsealed many documents. However, tens of thousands of pages of other documents will remain classified and sealed, away from the public until 2017, including:
* 3+% of all
Warren Commission documents
* 21+% of the
House Select Committee on Assassinations documents
* An undeterminable percentage of
CIA,
FBI,
Secret Service,
National Security Agency,
State Department,
US Marine Corps, Naval Investigative Service, Defense Investigative Service, and many other US government documents.
Official investigations
Dallas Police
After arresting Oswald and collecting physical evidence at the crime scenes, the Dallas Police held Oswald at the police headquarters for interrogation. Oswald was questioned all afternoon about both the Tippit shooting and the assassination of the President. Oswald was questioned intermittently for approximately 12 hours between 2:30 p.m., on November 22, and 11 a.m., on November 24.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements Warren Commission Report pp. 181]. Throughout this interrogation Oswald denied any involvement with either the assassination of President Kennedy or the murder of Patrolman Tippit.
[ http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id.] Captain Fritz of the homicide and robbery bureau did most of the questioning, but he kept no notes at the time. Days later he wrote notes of the interrogation from memory. There were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the U.S. Secret Service and occasionally participated in the questioning.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id.]During the evening of November 22, the Dallas Police Department performed paraffin tests on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an apparent effort to determine, by means of a scientific test, whether Oswald had recently fired a weapon.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id] The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id.] However, due to the unreliability of paraffin test, the Warren Commission did not rely on the results of the test in making their findings.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id. ] Oswald provided little information during his questioning. Frequently, however, he was confronted with evidence which he could not explain, and he resorted to statements which were found to be false.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-4.html#statements id. ] Dallas authorities were not able to complete their investigation into the assassination of Kennedy due to interruptions from the FBI and the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby.citation
FBI investigation
The
FBI was the first authority to complete an investigation. On November 24, 1963, just hours after Lee Harvey Oswald was murdered, FBI Director,
J. Edgar Hoover, said that he wanted "something issued so we can convince the public that Oswald is the real assassin."
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html]On
December 9,
1963, only 17 days after the assassination, the FBI report was issued and given to the Warren Commission. Then, the FBI stayed on as the primary investigating authority for the commission.citation
The FBI stated that only three bullets were fired during the assassination; that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The FBI stated that
Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots.citation
The Warren Commission agreed with the FBI investigation that only three shots were fired, but disagreed with the FBI report on which shots hit Kennedy and which hit Governor Connally. The FBI report claimed that the first shot hit President Kennedy, the second shot hit Governor Connally, and the third shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. In contrast, the Warren Commission concluded that one of the three shots missed, one of the shots hit Kennedy and then struck Connally, and a third shot struck Kennedy in the head, killing him.citation
Criticism of FBI
The FBI's murder investigation was reviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979. The congressional Committee concluded:
*The Federal Bureau of Investigation adequately investigated Lee Harvey Oswald prior to the assassination and properly evaluated the evidence it possessed to assess his potential to endanger the public safety in a national emergency.
*The Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a thorough and professional investigation into the responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination.
*The Federal Bureau of Investigation failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President.
*The Federal Bureau of Investigation was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments.[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html#fbi]
The FBI has received added scrutiny by Kennedy assassination researchers due to the actions of FBI agent, James Hosty. Hosty appeared in Oswald's address book. The FBI provided, to the Warren Commission, a typewritten transcription of Oswald's address book, in which Hosty's name and phone number were omitted. Two days before the assassination, Oswald went to the FBI office in Dallas to meet with Hosty, and when he found that Hosty was not in the office at the time, Oswald left an envelope for Hosty with a letter inside.citation
After Oswald was murdered by
Jack Ruby, Hosty's supervisor ordered Hosty to destroy the letter and he did so by tearing the letter up and flushing it down the toilet. Months later, when Hosty testified before the Warren Commission, he did not disclose this connection with Oswald. This information only became public much later.
[http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1c.html#destruction5]Warren Commission
main|Warren
The first official investigation of the assassination was established by President
Lyndon B. Johnson on
November 29 1963, a week after the assassination. The commission was headed by
Earl Warren,
Chief Justice of the United States and became universally (but unofficially) known as the
Warren Commission.citation
In late September
1964, after a 10 month investigation, the Warren Commission Report was published. The Commission concluded that it could not find any persuasive evidence of a domestic or foreign conspiracy involving any other person(s), group(s), or country(ies). The Commission found that
Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The theory that Oswald acted alone is also informally called the
Lone gunman theory.citation
The commission also concluded that only three bullets were fired during the assassination, and that
Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three bullets from the
Texas School Book Depository behind the motorcade. The Commission also laid out several scenarios concerning the timing of the shots, but that the three shots were fired in a time period ranging from approximately 4.8 to in excess of 7 seconds.
http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-3.html#timespanThe commission also concluded that:
* one shot likely missed the motorcade (it could not determine which of the three),
* the first shot to hit anyone struck Kennedy in the upper back, exited near the front of his neck and likely continued on to cause all of Governor Connally's injuries, and
* the last shot to hit anyone struck Kennedy in the head, fatally wounding him.citation
It noted that three empty shells were found in the sixth floor in the book depository, and a rifle identified as the one used in the shooting - Oswald's Italian military surplus 6.5x52 mm
Model 91/38 Carcano - was found hidden nearby. The Commission offered as a likely explanation that the same bullet that wounded Kennedy also caused all of Governor Connally's wounds. This single bullet then backed out of Connally's left thigh and was found on a stretcher in the hospital. This theory has become known as the "
single bullet theory" or the "magic" bullet theory (as it is commonly referred to by its critics and detractors).citation
The Commission also looked into other matters beside who killed the president and criticized weaknesses in security, which has resulted in greatly increased security whenever the President travels. The supporting documents for the Warren Commission Report are not all due to be released until
2017.citation
Public response to the Warren Report
After the Warren Commission Report was issued, skeptics began questioning its conclusions. A multitude of books and articles criticizing the Warren Commission's findings have been published in the four decades since the Commission's report was issued. The Commission's conclusions that Oswald was the lone gunman has not gained widespread acceptance from the American public. This skepticism has been shared by prominent government officials as well.citation
Ramsey Clark Panel
In 1968 a panel led by
Attorney General Ramsey Clark met in Washington, DC to examine various photographs, X-ray films, documents and other evidence pertaining to the death of President Kennedy. The Clark Panel determined that President Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its upper right side
http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clark.txt. The chain of custody of the evidence on which the panel reached its conclusions has been called into question. Clark raised this issue with President Johnson.
http://www.jfklancer.com/Clark.LBJ.html The Assassination Records Review Board said in 1998: "
The persons handling the autopsy records did not create a complete and contemporaneous accounting of the number of photographs nor was a proper chain of custody established for all of the autopsy materials."
http://www.fas.org/sgp/advisory/arrb98/part09.htmRockefeller Commission
The
U.S. President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States was set up under President
Gerald Ford in
1975 to investigate the activities of the
CIA within the
United States. The commission was led by the Vice President,
Nelson Rockefeller, and is sometimes referred to as the
Rockefeller Commission.citation
Part of the commission's work dealt with the Kennedy assassination , specifically the head snap as seen in the
Zapruder film (first shown publicly in 1975), and the possible presence of
E. Howard Hunt and
Frank Sturgis in
Dallas.
http://er.lib.msu.edu/item.cfm?item=043388House Select Committee on Assassinations
main|House Select Committee on
Fifteen years after the Warren Commission issued its report, a congressional committee named the
House Select Committee on Assassinations reviewed the Warren Commission report and the underlying FBI report on which the Commission heavily relied.citation
The Committee criticized the performance of both the Warren Commission and the FBI for failing to investigate whether other people conspired with Oswald to murder President Kennedy.
http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html#cia http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1d.html#cia The Committee Report concluded that:
"
The FBI's investigation of whether there had been a conspiracy in President Kennedy's assassination was seriously flawed. The conspiracy aspects of the investigation were characterized by a limited approach and an inadequate application and use of available resource."(footnote 12)
The Committee found the Warren Commission's investigation equally flawed:
"
The subject that should have received the Commission's most probing analysis — whether Oswald acted in concert with or on behalf of unidentified co-conspirators the Commission's performance, in the view of the committee, was in fact flawed."(footnote 13)
The Committee believed another primary cause of the Warren Commission's failure to adequately probe and analyze whether or not Oswald acted alone arose out of the lack of cooperation by the CIA. Finally, the Committee found that the Warren Commission inadequately investigated for a conspiracy because of:
"
Time pressures and the desire of national leaders to allay public fears of a conspiracy."citation
The committee concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at President John F. Kennedy. The second and third shots he fired struck the President. The third shot he fired killed him.citation
The HSCA agreed with the single bullet theory, but concluded that it occurred at a time point during the assassination that differred from what the Warren Commission had theorized.
Their theory, based primarily on
Dictabelt evidence, was that President Kennedy was assassinated probably as a result of a
conspiracy. They proposed that four shots had been fired during the assassination; Oswald fired the first, second, and fourth bullets, and that (based on the acoustic evidence) there was a high probability that an unnamed second assassin fired the third bullet, but missed, from President Kennedy's right front, from a location concealed behind the
Grassy Knoll picket fence.citation
Many years after the House Select Committee on Assassinations issued its report, the attorney for the House Select Committee on Assassinations; G. Robert Blakey issued a statement to the news media calling into question the honesty of the CIA in its dealings with the Committee and the accuracy of the information given to it.citation
Response to the Dictabelt evidence
The attorney for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, G. Robert Blakey, told ABC News that the conclusion that a conspiracy existed in the assassination was established by both witness testimony and acoustic evidence:
The shot from the grassy knoll is not only supported by the acoustics, which is a tape that we found of a police motorcycle broadcast back to the district station. It is corroborated by eyewitness testimony in the plaza. There were 20 people, at least, who heard a shot from the grassy knoll. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKassassinationsC.htm
The sole acoustic evidence relied on by the committee to support its conclusion of a fourth gunshot (and a gunman on the grassy knoll) in the JFK assassination, was a
Dictabelt recording alleged to be from a stuck transmitter on a police motorcycle in Dealey Plaza during the assassination.
http://www.jfk-online.com/nas04.html#7 After the committee finished its work, however, an amateur researcher listened to the recording and discovered faint crosstalk of transmissions from another police radio channel known to have been made a minute
after the assassination.
http://www.jfk-online.com/nas04.html#7 Further, the Dallas motorcycle policeman thought to be the source of the sounds followed the motorcade to the hospital at high speed, his siren blaring, immediately after the shots were fired. Yet the recording is of a mostly idling motorcycle, eventually determined to have been at JFK's destination, the
Trade Mart, miles from Dealey Plaza.citation
Several years later, in 1981, a special panel of the
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) disputed the evidence of a fourth shot, contained on the police dictabelt
http://www.jfk-online.com/nas04.html#7. The panel concluded it was simply random noise, perhaps static, recorded about a minute after the shooting while Kennedy's motorcade was en route to Parkland Hospital.citation
The NAS experts, headed by physicist Norman F. Ramsey of Harvard, reached that conclusion after studying the sounds on the two radio channels Dallas police were using that day. Routine transmissions were made on Channel One and recorded on a Dictabelt at police headquarters. An auxiliary frequency, Channel Two, was dedicated to the president's motorcade and used primarily by Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry; its transmissions were recorded on a separate
Gray Audograph disc machine.citation
The conclusion by the NAS was then rebutted in 2001 in a Science and Justice article by D.B. Thomas, a government scientist and JFK assassination researcher.
http://www.forensic-science-society.org.uk/Thomas.pdf Mr. Thomas concluded the HSCA finding of a second shooter was correct and that the NAS panel's study was flawed. Thomas surmises that the Dictaphone needle jumped and created an overdub on Channel One.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A56560-2001Mar25?language=printerIn response to Thomas's findings, Michael O'Dell concluded in his report
http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/odell/ that the prior reports relied on incorrect timelines and made unfounded assumptions that, when corrected, do not support the identification of gunshots on the recording.
In 2003, ABCNEWS aired the results of their investigation of the assassination in a news-documentary program called "
Peter Jennings Reporting: The Kennedy Assassination-Beyond Conspiracy." Based on computer diagrams and recreations done by
Dale K. Myers, ABCNEWS concluded that the sound recordings on the Dictabelt could not have come from Dealey Plaza and that the Police Officer
H.B. McLain was correct in his assertions that he had not yet entered Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.
http://frankwarner.typepad.com/free_frank_warner/2003/11/more_kennedy_as.htmlAssassination theories
main|Kennedy assassination
An official investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), conducted from 1976 to 1979, concluded that Oswald assassinated President Kennedy as a result of a probable
conspiracy. This conclusion of a likely conspiracy contrasts with the earlier conclusion by the Warren Commission that the President was assassinated by a lone gunman.citation
The perception of a conspiracy was widespread even at the time. A source considered reliable by the FBI, related that Colonel Boris Ivanov, Chief of the Soviet Committee for State Security (KGB) Residency in New York City at the time of the assassination, stated that it was his personal feeling that the assassination of President Kennedy had been planned by an organized group rather than being the act of one individual assassin.
http://www.indiana.edu/~oah/nl/98feb/jfk.html#d1Many not only dispute the conclusion that Oswald was the lone assassin (claiming that there was a conspiracy), but also claim that Oswald was not involved at all. Shortly after his arrest, Oswald insisted he was a "patsy." Oswald never admitted any participation in the assassination, and was murdered two days after being taken into police custody.citation
Some polls indicate a large number of Americans are suspicious of official government conclusions regarding the assassination. A 2003
ABC News poll found that 70% of respondents suspected there was an assassination plot.
http://abcnews.go.com/images/pdf/937a1JFKAssassination.pdf These same polls also show that there is no agreement on who else may have been involved. Virtually every person and organization that could have had any possible motive for the crime has been accused at one time or another of involvement in the Kennedy assassination.citation
President's motorcade
The motorcade consisted of numerous cars and police motorcycles.citation
The lead car, an unmarked white
Ford: Dallas Police Chief
Jesse Curry (driver),
Secret Service Agent
Winston Lawson (right front), Sheriff
Bill Decker (left rear), Agent
Forrest Sorrels (right rear)
SS 100 X (its District of Columbia license plate), a 1961
Lincoln Continental: Agent
Bill Greer (driver), Agent
Roy Kellerman (right front),
Nellie Connally (left middle), Texas Governor
John Connally (right middle),
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (left rear), President Kennedy (right rear)
Halfback (a Secret Service code name), a convertible: Agent
Sam Kinney (driver), Agent
Emory Roberts (right front), Agent
Clint Hill (left front running board), Agent
Bill McIntyre (left rear running board), Agent
John Ready (right front running board), Agent
Paul Landis (right rear running board), Presidential aide
Kenneth O'Donnell (left middle), Presidential aide
David Powers (right middle), Agent
George Hickey (left rear), Agent
Glen Bennett (right rear)
1964 Lincoln 4 door convertible: State highway patrol officer
Hurchel Jacks (driver), Agent
Rufus Youngblood (right front), Senator
Ralph Yarborough (left rear),
Mrs. Lyndon Johnson (center rear), Vice-President
Lyndon Johnson (right rear).
Varsity (Secret Service code name), a hardtop: a Texas state policeman (driver), Vice Presidential aide
Cliff Carter (front middle), Agent
Jerry Kivett (right front), Agent
Woody Taylor (left rear), Agent
Lem Johns (right rear)
Press pool car, (on loan from the phone company): telephone company driver,
Malcolm Kilduff, assistant White House press secretary (middle front),
Merriman Smith, UPI (right front),
Jack Bell,
AP,
Robert Baskin,
Dallas News,
Bob Clark,
ABC (rear)
Press Car:
Bob Jackson,
The Dallas Times Herald,
Tom Dillard,
The Dallas Morning News,
Mal Couch,
WFAA-TV/ABC
http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,540034492,00.htmlSimilarities to other Presidential deaths in office
Every United States president elected or reelected in 20-year intervals beginning with 1840 (beginning with
William Henry Harrison) had died in office (
Harrison 1840,
Lincoln 1860,
Garfield 1880,
McKinley 1900,
Harding 1920,
Roosevelt 1940). John F. Kennedy's assassination continued this pattern. It ultimately broke with
Ronald Reagan who, elected in 1980, survived being shot in a March 1981 assassination attempt. This pattern of Presidential deaths has been referred to as
Tecumseh's curse, the
20-year curse, or the
zero factor.
After JFK's assassination, a popular
urban legend emerged—that there existed numerous similarities between Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln's
assassination, namely that while Kennedy was shot by from a warehouse with the assassin escaping to a theatre, Lincoln was shot in a theatre and the assassin escaped to a warehouse and that both presidents were followed in office by men named Johnson.
Television and film portrayals
Kennedy's life and the subsequent
conspiracy theories surrounding his death have been the topic for many films, including Mark Lane's 1966
Rush to Judgment,
Executive Action in 1973, NBC TV's 1983 mini series
Kennedy, Nigel Turner's 1988, 1991, 1995, and 2003's continuing documentary
The Men Who Killed Kennedy,
Oliver Stone's 1991
JFK, and the 1993
JFK: Reckless Youth (which looked at Kennedy's early years).
In 1975, a San Francisco-based group of artists called
Ant Farm reenacted the Kennedy assassination in Dealey Plaza and documented it in a video piece called "
The Eternal Frame."
The assassination of JFK was the focal point of an episode of the science-fiction comedy series
Red Dwarf named "
Tikka to Ride" when male lead Lister played by
Craig Charles goes back in time to order some curry and ends up in the
Texas School Book Depository, accidentally bumping
Lee Harvey Oswald out the window before he fires the lethal shot that killed Kennedy. The resulting
time paradox prevents Lister and his crewmates from returning to their own time, so Lister makes contact with the now impeached Kennedy a few years later after the failed assassination attempt. Lister convinces Kennedy that the best interests of the United States and the future are served by his death, so Kennedy goes back in time with Lister to be the infamous second shooter behind the grassy knoll. The assassination is successful and shortly afterwards Kennedy the shooter vanishes.
In the TV series
Twilight Zone (1985) episode "
Profile in Silver", a time traveller whose mission is to film the assassination loses his detachment and prevents Kennedy's death. The result is an escalating series of natural disasters, as the universe tries to "heal" itself. The time traveller resolves the paradox by sending Kennedy forward to his own era, and by taking Kennedy's place in the motorcade, dying in his stead.
In an two hour episode of the TV series
Quantum Leap, in the episodes named Lee Harvey Oswald' which aired September 22, 1992,
Sam Beckett jumps into the body of Lee Harvey Oswald at various times in his life. It appears that the two minds are merging, as Sam's contact with
PQL,
Al, tries to bring back Sam before he becomes Oswald and actually assassinated Kennedy instead of Oswald. Near the end Sam jumps from Oswald just before he pulled the trigger to assassinate the President, to the Secret Service Agent at the rear of the limo carrying the President, who grabs Mrs. Kennedy and pulls her back into the limo. It is then revealed that Sam was sent back to save Mrs. Kennedy, who was also killed in an alternate history, which was relayed by Al before Sam leaps out to his next adventure.
The
2002 film
Interview With the Assassin presents the assassination and resultant conspiracy theories in
mock documentary fashion, with a terminally-ill former
Marine named Walter Ohlinger who claims that he was the second gunman behind the fence on the grassy knoll.
Notes
References
*Robert Groden, "J.F.K.: the Case for Conspiracy" (1977) (ISBN 0-532-19107-2)
*David S. Lifton, "Best Evidence:Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy" (1980) Paperback (ISBN 0-88184-438-1)
*Harrison Edward Livinstone, "High Treason 2 - The Great Cover-Up:The Assassination of John F. Kennedy" (1992) Hardback (ISBN 0-88184-809-3)
*Jim Marrs, "Crossfire:The Plot that Killed Kennedy" (Carroll & Graf Publishers; New Ed edition November 1990) (ISBN 0-88184-648-1)
*Gerald Posner, "Case Closed" (1993 Hardcover, 1st Edition) (ISBN 0-679-41825-3)
*Josiah Thompson, "Six Seconds in Dallas" (1976 Paperback) (ISBN 0-425-03255-8)
*Lamar Waldron, Thom Hartman, "Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK" (2005) (ISBN 0-7867-1441-7)
External links
Commons|Assassination of John F.
WARNING: The following links may contain images (such as autopsy photos) which might be disturbing to the viewer.
*
http://www.archives.gov/research_room/jfk/ JFK Collection at the National Archives*
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/view/PBS Frontline: Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?*
http://www.csicop.org/si/2005-01/strange-world.html "Facts and Fiction in the Kennedy Assassination" -
Skeptical Enquirer, January 2005
*
http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/faq.txt The Unofficial JFK Assassination FAQ #19 by John Locke
*
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKindex.htm The Kennedy Assassination Encyclopaedia at Spartacus by John Simkin
*
http://www.jfkassassination.net/home.htm The Kennedy Assassination by John McAdams
*
http://www.jfk-online.com/ JFK Online: JFK Assassination Resources Online by David A. Reitzes
*
http://groups.google.com/group/alt.conspiracy.jfk/msg/fc9e00e94b66c1bc November 22, 1963 -- A Lone-Assassin Viewpoint by David Von Pein
*
http://www.jfk-assassination.com The John F. Kennedy Assassination Homepage by Ralph Schuster
*
http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/K/htmlK/kennedyjf/kennedyjf.htm "Assassination and Funeral of John F. Kennedy", Thomas Doherty,
Encyclopedia of Television*
http://jfkmurderphotos.bravehost.com/photos.html JFK Assassination Photographs and Film archive – A film archive from before, during and after the assasination
*
http://www.maryferrell.org Mary Ferrell Foundation*
http://www.jfkfiles.com/jfk/html/intro.htm Secrets of a Homicide Computer reconstruction by
Dale K. Myers*
http://www.celebritymorgue.com/jfk/ Celebrity Morgue: John F Kennedy Assassination *
http://www.kennedyassassinationarchive.com Kennedy Assassination Newspaper Articles Archive*
http://history-matters.com/ History Matters by Rex Bradford
*
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6772585564431596301 Video footage of John F. Kennedy*
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/22/newsid_2451000/2451143.stm BBC article on Kennedy's assassination*
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/25/newsid_3211000/3211440.stm BBC article on Kennedy's funeral*http://pages.prodigy.net/whiskey99/
*google video|7404458118476453937|JFK and 9/11 - Insights Gained From Studying -
Peter Dale Scott points out similarities that he says arise when you look at the assassination of JFK and the all events of 9/11. (COPA meeting in Dallas, Texas, November 18, 2006)
John F. Kennedy
Category:1963 in the United StatesCategory:Assassinations*Category:John F. KennedyLink
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