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Religion in Canada,
Category:Religion in Canada,
Talk:Religion in Canada
Top Religious Denominations in Canada|-
| rowspan=2 |
! align=center colspan=2|
2001! align=center colspan=2|
1991! align=center rowspan=2 style="font-size: 70%"|% change
(in numbers)
|-
! Number!! %!!Number!! %
|-
!align=left |Christian || ||77|| ||80
|-
|align=left | -
Roman Catholic||12,936,905|| 43.6||12,203,625|| 45.2|| +4.8
|-
|align=left | - Total Protestant|| 8,654,850|| 29.2|| 9,427,675|| 34.9|| -8.2
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| -
United Church of Canada||2,839,125|| 9.6||3,093,120||11.5 ||-8.2
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| -
Anglican Church of Canada|| 2,035,495|| 6.9||2,188,110|| 8.1|| -7.0
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| - Christian, not included elsewhere¹|| 780,450|| 2.6||353,040|| 1.3|| +121.1
|-
| align=left style="text-indent:30px"|-
Baptist|| 729,475|| 2.5||663,360||2.5 || +10.0
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| -
Lutheran|| 606,590|| 2.0||636,205||2.4 || -4.7
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| - Protestant, not included elsewhere²|| 549,205|| 1.9
|-
|align=left style="text-indent:30px"| -
Presbyterian|| 409,830|| 1.4||636,295||2.4 || -35.6
|-
|align=left | -
Christian Orthodox||479,620|| 1.6|| 387,395|| 1.4|| +23.8
|-
!align=left|No religion|| 4,796,325|| 16.2||3,333,245|| 12.3|| +43.9
|-
!align=left|Other
|-
|align=left| -
Muslim|| 579,640|| 2.0||253,265|| 0.9||+128.9
|-
|align=left| -
Jewish||329,995|| 1.1|| 318,185|| 1.2||+3.7
|-
|align=left| -
Buddhist||300,345|| 1.0 ||163,415|| 0.6|| +83.8
|-
|align=left| -
Hindu||297,200|| 1.0|| 157,015|| 0.6|| +89.3
|-
|align=left| -
Sikh||278,415|| 0.9|| 147,440|| 0.5|| +88.8
|-
|align=left colspan=6 style="font-size:90%"|¹ Includes persons who report “Christian”, and those who report “Apostolic”, “Born-again Christian” and “Evangelical”.² Includes persons who report only “Protestant”.
* For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.
|}
Non-Christian religions in Canada
Non-Christian religions in Canada are more concentrated in metropolitan cites such as
Montreal,
Toronto and
Vancouver, and to a much lesser extent in mid-sized cities such as
Ottawa,
Calgary,
Edmonton,
Winnipeg and
Halifax. A possible exception is Judaism, which has long been a notable minority even in smaller centres. Much of the increase in non-Christian religions is attributed to changing immigration trends in the last fifty years. Increased
immigration from
Asia, the
Middle East and
Africa has created ever-growing Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, and Hindu communities.
Canadians with no religious affiliation
Lack of religion is most common on the West Coast, particularly in
Greater Vancouver. Non-religious Canadians include
atheists,
agnostics,
humanists as well as other
nontheists. Currently, they make up 16.2 percent of the population according to the 2001 census. Some non-religious Canadians have formed some associations, such as the
Humanist Association of Canada. In 1991, some non-religious Canadians signed a petition, tabled in Parliament by
Svend Robinson, to remove "God" from the preamble to the
Canadian Constitution, after which he was relegated to the backbenches by his party leader. According to
http://www.religioustolerance.org/can_rel2.htm www.religioustolerance.org, among those with no religion approximately 17,815 specified agnostic, 18,605 specified atheist, and 1,245 specified they were humanist.
Christianity in Canada
The majority of Canadian Christians only attend
church infrequently. Cross national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less fervent that those of the
United States but are still more overtly religious than those of continental European countries such as
France. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. This figure was similar to that in the United Kingdom (33%) and Italy (27%). In the United States, the equivalent figure was 59%, in France, a mere 11%. Large regional differences within Canada exist, however, as well as a very notable urban-rural divide. The rates for regular church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 20% and as high as 35%.
As well as the large churches, Canada also has many smaller Christian groups from
Eastern Orthodoxy to
Mormonism. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. The
Maritimes have large numbers of
Lutherans who were deliberately imported by the British. Southwest Ontario saw large numbers of German migrants, including many
Mennonites and
Hutterites. The large
Ukrainian population of
Manitoba and
Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the
Uniate or
Ukrainian Orthodox Churches.
Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains creating a large Mormon minority in that province.
Government and religion
Canada today has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism. In some fields Christian influence remains.
Christmas and
Easter are nationwide holidays, and while Jews, Muslims, and other groups are allowed to take their holy days off work they do not share the same official recognition. The French version of "
O Canada", the official national anthem, contains an overtly Christian reference to "carrying the cross". In some parts of the country
Sunday shopping is still banned, but this is steadily becoming less common. There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society, mostly focused on
Sikh turbans. Eventually the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the
Royal Canadian Legion, and other groups accepted members wearing turbans.
Canada is a
Commonwealth realm in which the
head of state is shared with 15 other countries, including the
United Kingdom. The UK's succession laws forbid Roman Catholics and their spouses from occupying the throne, and the reigning monarch is also
ex officio Supreme Governor of the Church of England, but Canada is not bound by these laws. Within Canada, the Queen's title include the phrases "By the Grace of God" and "
Defender of the Faith."
While the Canadian government's official ties to Christianity are few, it more overtly recognizes the existence of
God. Both the preamble to the
Canadian constitution and the anthem in both languages refer to God.
See related article, Status of religious freedom in Canada.History
Before the arrival of Europeans, the
First Nations followed a wide array of mostly
animistic religions. See also
Native American mythology. The first Europeans to settle in great numbers in Canada were
French Catholics, including a large number of
Jesuits dedicated to converting the natives; an effort that had only limited success.
The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after they were conquered by the British. Unable to convince enough British immigrants to go to the region, the government decided to import continental Protestants from
Germany and
Switzerland to populate the region and counter balance the Catholic
Acadians. This group was known as the
Foreign Protestants. This effort proved successful and today the
South Shore region of
Nova Scotia is still largely Lutheran.
This pattern remained the same after the British conquest of all of
New France in 1759. While originally plans to try to convert the Catholic majority were in place, these were abandoned in the face of the
American Revolution. The
Quebec Act of 1774 acknowledged the rights of the Catholic Church throughout
Lower Canada in order to keep the French-Canadians loyal to Britain.
The American Revolution brought about a large influx of Protestants to Canada.
United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the rebellious United States, moved in large numbers to
Upper Canada and the Maritimes. They comprised a mix of Christian groups with a large number of Anglicans, but also many
Presbyterians and
Methodists.
In the early nineteenth century in the Maritimes and Upper Canada, the Anglican Church held the same official position it did in Great Britain. This caused tension within English Canada, as much of the populace was not Anglican. Increasing immigration from
Scotland created a very large Presbyterian community and they and other groups demanded equal rights. This was an important cause of the
1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada. With the arrival of
responsible government, the Anglican monopoly was ended.
In Lower Canada, the Catholic Church was officially pre-eminent and had a central role in the colony's culture and politics. Unlike English Canada, French-Canadian nationalism became very closely associated with Catholicism. During this period, the Catholic Church in the region became one of the most reactionary in the world. Known as
Ultramontane Catholicism, the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of
liberalism, to the extent that even the very conservative
popes of the period had to chide it for extremism.
In politics, those aligned with the Catholic clergy in Quebec were known as
les bleus (the blues). They formed a curious alliance with the staunchly monarchist and pro-British Anglicans of English Canada (often members of the
Orange Order) to form the basis of the Canadian
Conservative Party. The Reform Party, which later became the
Liberal Party, was largely composed of the anti-clerical French-Canadians, known as
les rouges (the reds) and the non-Anglican Protestant groups. In those times, right before elections, parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like
Le ciel est bleu et l'enfer est rouge. This translates as "Heaven/the sky is blue and hell is red".
By the late nineteenth century, Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada. While much of the elite were still Anglican, other groups had become very prominent as well.
Toronto had become home to the world's single largest
Methodist community and it became known as the "Methodist Rome". The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith. One, King's College, later the
University of Toronto, was set up a non-denominational school.
The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of
Irish and
Southern European immigrants were creating new Catholic communities in English Canada. The population of the west brought significant
Eastern Orthodox immigrants from
Eastern Europe and
Mormon and
Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.
Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century, however. Up until the 1960s, most parts of Canada still had extensive
Lord's Day laws that limited what one could do on a Sunday. The English-Canadian elite were still dominated by Protestants, and Jews and Catholics were often excluded. A slow process of liberalization began after the
Second World War in English-Canada. Overtly Christian laws were expunged, including those against
homosexuality. Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished.
The most overwhelming change occurred in Quebec. In 1950, the province was one of the most dedicatedly Catholic areas in the world. Church attendance rates were extremely high, books banned by the
Papal Index were difficult to find, and the school system was largely controlled by the church. In the
Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, this was spectacularly transformed. While the majority of Québécois are still professed Catholics, rates of church attendance are today extremely low, in fact, they are the lowest of any region in North America today.
Common law relationships,
abortion, and support for
same-sex marriage are all far more common in Quebec than in the rest of Canada and than in almost any other area of the world.
English Canada had seen a similar transition, although less extreme. The
United Church of Canada, the country's largest Protestant denomination, is one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world. It is committed to gay rights including marriage and ordination, and to the ordination of women. The head of the church even once commented that the resurrection of
Jesus might not be a scientific fact. However, that trend appears to have subsided, as the United Church has seen its membership decline substantially since the 1990s, and other mainline churches have seen similar declines, while overall church attendance has increased in the 2000s.The influence of the
Orange Order continued, especially in
Toronto, but has largely diminished since the 1960's.
In addition, a strong current of evangelical Protestantism exists outside of Quebec. The largest groups are found in
Western Canada, particularly in rural
Alberta, southern
Manitoba and the southern interior and Fraser Valley region of
British Columbia. There is also a large evangelical population in rural parts of southern and eastern
Ontario outside the
Greater Toronto Area and a few rural sections of the
Maritimes. In these areas, the culture is much more conservative, somewhat more in line with that of the rural
United States, and same-sex marriage, abortion, common-law relationships are much less popular. This movement has grown considerably in the past few years (primarily in those areas listed above) due to strong influences on public policy and stark divides, not unlike those in the United States, although the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower. There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas, which are extremely secular.
See also
*
Buddhism in Canada*
Islam in Canada*
Judaism in Canada*
Hinduism in CanadaExternal links
*
http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-97/life_society/religion_classroom/ CBC Digital Archives - Religion in the Classroom*
http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/rel/canada.cfm Canada religious census 2001*
http://www.acs-aec.ca/Polls/30-03-2005.pdf Canada’s Demo-Religious Revolution: 2017 References
*
http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/167.pdf "U.S. Stands Alone in Its Embrace of Religion" 19 December 2002, Pew Centre for People and the PressRon Graham, God's Dominion: a Sceptic's Quest (Toronto : McClelland & Stewart, 1990).
Michael Adams, Fire and ice : the United States, Canada and the Myth of Converging Values (Toronto: Penguin, 2003).
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