Encyclopedia:
West Bank,
Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Geography of the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Demographics of the West Bank,
Economy of the West Bank,
Talk:West Bank,
Talk:Military of the West Bank,
West Bank Township, Minnesota,
West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Israeli settlement
West Bank (lang-he|הגדה ,
Hagadah Hamaaravit, lang-ar|الضفة ,
ArabDIN|aḍ-Ḍiffä ), is a landlocked territory on the west bank of the
Jordan River in the
Middle East. It was
captured by
Israel from
Jordan in the
1967 Six-Day War and is considered by the
United Nations Security Council,
[Resolution 446, Resolution 465, Resolution 484, among others] the
United Nations General Assembly,
[cite web]
| title = Applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, and the other occupied Arab territories
| publisher = United Nations
| date = December 17, 2003
| url = http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/97360ee7a29e68a085256df900723485/d6f5d7049734efff85256e1200677754
| accessdate=2006-09-27
the
International Court of Justice,
[cite web]
| title = Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
| publisher = International Court of Justice
| date = July 9, 2004
| url = http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/85255e950050831085255e95004fa9c3/3740e39487a5428a85256ecc005e157a
| accessdate=2006-09-27
and the
International Committee of the Red Cross[cite web]
| title = Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross
| publisher = International Committee of the Red Cross
| date = December 5, 2001
| url = http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList247/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55#2
| accessdate=2006-09-27
to be under
Israeli
occupation.
After the dissolution of the
Ottoman Empire, this territory was part of the
British Mandate of Palestine. The
1948 Arab-Israeli War brought an end to the Mandate. The West Bank was captured and
annexed by
Jordan, and the
1949 Armistice Agreements defined its interim boundary. From 1948 until 1967 the area was
under Jordanian rule, though Jordan did not relinquish its claim to the area until
1988. The area was captured by
Israel in the 1967
Six-Day War, although, with the exception of
East Jerusalem (and unlike the
Golan Heights), it was not annexed by Israel. The West Bank is currently considered under
international law to be
de jure a
territory not part of any
state.
40% of the area (including most of the population, 98% of the Palestinian population
[http://www.jcpa.org/art/brief1-1.htm]) is under the limited civilian jurisdiction of the
Palestinian Authority, while Israel maintains overall control (including over
Israeli settlements, rural areas, roads, water, and border regions).
thumb|right|250px|Settlements (darker pink) and areas of the West Bank (lighter pink) where access to Palestinians is closed or restricted. Source: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/OCHAoPt_ClosureAnalysis0106_En.pdf#search=%22closed%20and%20restricted%20areas%20for%20palestinians%22 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, January 2006.
Demographics of the West Bank
main|Demographics of the West
According to Palestinian evaluations, The West Bank is inhabited by approximately 2.4 million
Palestinians. According to a study presented at The Sixth Herzliya Conference on The Balance of Israel’s National Security
[cite web ]
|title = Arab Population in the West Bank & Gaza: The Million Person Gap
|author = Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid
|publisher = American-Israel Demographic Research Group
|date = January 23, 2006
|url = http://www.pademographics.com
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
there are 1.4 million Palestinians.
There are over 400,000
Israeli settlers (260,000 not including those in East Jerusalem), and small ethnic groups such as the
Samaritans, living in and around Nablus, numbering in the hundreds or low thousands. The Jews in the West Bank live mostly in Israeli settlements, though populations exist in Arab neighborhoods of Jerusalem and Hebron (though in Hebron, the Israelis live separated by fences and barricades). Interactions between the two societies have generally declined due to the recent security problems, though an economic relationship often exists between adjacent
Israeli settlements and
Palestinian Approximately 30% of Palestinians living in the West Bank are refugees or their direct descendants, who fled or were expelled from Israel during the
1948 Arab-Israeli War (see
Palestinian exodus).
[cite web]
|title = UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 31 December 2004
|publisher = United Nations
|date = April 2005
|url = http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/uif-dec04.pdf
|format =
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
[cite web]
|title =
|publisher = Palestinian National Authority Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
|date =
|url = http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/
|accessate = 2006-09-27
[cite web]
|title = Can trust be rebuilt?
|author = Ksenia Svetlova
|publisher = The Jerusalem Post
|date = December 1, 2005
|url = http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=2&cid=1132475665870&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
The accuracy of the total population figures are disputed according to a study presented at The Sixth Herzliya Conference on The Balance of Israel’s National Security.
[cite web ]
|title = Arab Population in the West Bank & Gaza: The Million Person Gap
|author = Bennett Zimmerman & Roberta Seid
|publisher = American-Israel Demographic Research Group
|date = January 23, 2006
|url = http://www.pademographics.com
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
Cities and settlements in the West Bank
The most densely populated part of the region is a mountainous spine, running north-south, where the cities of
Jerusalem,
Nablus,
Ramallah,
Bethlehem, and
Hebron are located.
Jenin, in the extreme north of the West Bank is on the southern edge of the
Jezreel Valley,
Qalqilyah and
Tulkarm are in the low foothills adjacent to the Israeli coastal plain, and
Jericho is situated near the
Jordan River, just north of the
Dead Sea.
East Jerusalem
East Jerusalem is not recognized by Israel as a separate entity from western
Jerusalem as Jerusalem as a whole is currently claimed to be part of the Israeli capital.
East Jerusalem is the location where Palestinians hope to establish their future capital. All existing definitions of East Jerusalem include the
Jerusalem Old City and some of the holiest sites in the Jewish, Muslim and Christian religions, including the
Western Wall, the
Temple Mount/
Noble Sanctuary (containing the
Dome of the Rock and the
Al-Aqsa Mosque), and the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
thumb|On [Mount of Olives.]
thumb|CloseupMa'ale Adummim
Ma'ale Adummim (Hebrew: מעלה אדומים) is an Israeli settlement in the Judea region of the West Bank, east of Jerusalem. Founded in 1976, it is now sometimes considered to be a suburb of Jerusalem, mainly because most of its population works in Jerusalem. Ma'ale Adummim is one of the largest Jewish communities in the West Bank. As of 2005, the estimated population of Ma'ale Adummim is 32,000. Ma'ale Adummim is seen by Palestinians as a threat to the territorial continuity of any future Palestinian state, given its strategic situation between the northern and southern areas of the West Bank.
thumb|left|Ma'ale Adummim Ramallah
Ramallah is generally considered the most affluent and cultural as well as the most liberal, of all Palestinian cities.
Ramallah (not to be confused with the Israeli city of
Ramla) is a major Palestinian cultural and economic center, and is the location of
Yasser Arafat's burial spot. The city is located close to the biblical
Bethel, the location where Jacob had his divine revelation dream in
Genesis, and the location where the Israelites built a temple to worship in the book of
Kings. Although mentions of Ramallah can be found throughout historical texts, modern Ramallah was founded in the mid 1500s by the Hadadeens, a tribe of brothers who were descended from Yemenite Christian Arabs. Ramallah is also famous for the
Mukata'a which now serves as the governmental headquarters of the Palestinian Authority in Ramallah. The Mukata'a also recently became known as "Arafat's Compound." The Israeli settlement of
Bet El is located, just east, adjacent to
Ramallah.
thumb|350px|right|Inside the restored Ramallah Meeting Tulkarm
Tulkarm or Tulkarem (Arabic: طولكرم Ṭūlkarm; Hebrew: טול כרם) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank. The city's origins can be traced back to at least the third century C.E. under the name "Berat Soreqa", and in later centuries as "Tur Karma" (
Aramaic: טור כרמא), which means “mount of vineyards” in Aramaic, as the city is known for the fertility of the land and the vines around it.
Avnei Hefetz[,
Sal'it and
Einav are three Israeli settlements nearby.
Nablus
Nablus is a major city of over 100,000 Palestinians and lies between the two mountains of
Ebal and
Gerizim. It is the location of the
Palestine Securities Exchange and is also famous for its
Knafeh. The city is referred to as
Shechem in Hebrew, a Biblical city. Ancient Shechem is located in the eastern part of the modern city, in a site known as
Tel Balatah. An ancient city with a rich history, Nablus is a site of religious significance to the three major
Abrahamic faiths, and is also a scene of political instability related to the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Before its destruction in 2000,
Joseph's Tomb was located in Nablus.
thumb||right|Joseph's Jenin
Jenin was known in ancient times as the Biblical village of
En-gannim (Biblical Hebrew עֵין־גַּנִּים ʻĒn-Gannīm, "gardens spring"), a city of the
Levites of the
Tribe of Issachar. The modern Arabic name Jenin ultimately derives from this ancient name. The State of Israel built a nearby Israeli settlement,
Ganim, also named after the ancient village. This settlement was evacuated in August 2005 as part of
Israel's unilateral disengagement plan. In April 2002, Jenin's refugee camp was the theatre of
one of the most intense battles to occur during the
al-Aqsa Intifada. Israel was widely pilloried in by international journalists and diplomats for what was called the "Jenin massacre" -- a false allegation made by Palestinian officials that the IDF killed hundreds of civilians in the camp. Extensive investigation by the United Nations found that no such massacre took place.
Ariel
Ariel ) is an
Israeli settlement located north of the Palestinian town of
Salfit on the West Bank, in the Biblical region of
Samaria near the ancient village of
Timnat Serah. Founded in
1978, its population as of 2004 is 16,414, including 7,000 immigrants from the
former Soviet Union. It is the fifth largest settlement in the territories that Israel gained control from Jordan of as a result of the Six Day War in 1967. The Israeli Ministry of the Interior gave the municipality of Ariel the status of a city in 1998. Ariel is home to the
College of Judea and Samaria, founded in 1982. Current enrollment is 8,500 students, consisting of both Jewish and Arab students. In 2005, the Israeli government decided to allow the college to attain university status.
Hebron
Hebron is a city of paramount importance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Prior to the
1929 Palestine riots, all three populations lived together in the city. It is the location of
Ruth and
Jesse's tombs, as well as many ancient synagogues and mosques. The
Cave of the Patriarchs is considered to be the spiritual center of
Hebron.
right|thumb|300px|Cave of the Patriarchs Kiryat Arba is an urban Israeli settlement adjoining the city of Hebron. Biblically, it is generally regarded as another name for Hebron. Jewish settlers founded Kiryat Arba immediately to the east of Hebron. The population in 2005 was approximately 6,500, with an additional 2,700 Israelis living in a number of smaller surrounding settlements.
Bethlehem
Bethlehem, which is south of Jerusalem, has great significance for Christianity as it is believed to be the birthplace of
Jesus of Nazareth and the
Church of the Nativity. The traditional site of
Rachel's Tomb, which is important in Judaism, lies at the city's outskirts. Bethlehem is also home to one of largest Christian communities in the Middle East. The Bethlehem agglomeration includes the small towns of
Beit Jala and
Beit Sahour, the latter also having biblical significance. The equally remote
Greek Orthodox monastery of
Mar Saba lies hidden along a silent, empty wadi 15 miles east of Bethlehem.
right|200px|thumb|Interior of the Church of the NativityJericho
Jericho, an oasis town in the Jordan Valley, is one of the oldest cities on Earth. It is mentioned in the Biblical book of
Joshua as the first location that the Israelites conquered when entering the new land. The city was miraculously conquered when the
Israelites circled the city's wall seven times and then it collapsed. Jericho has a population of approximately 19,000. It is believed by some to be the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the world. Many archeological sites are located in this city. Also on September 16, 1998, a medium-sized casino and hotel, jointly called
Oasis, were opened on the southern outskirts of Jericho. Jericho is also the site of Palestinian prisons. Outside Jericho, Nabi Musa is an austere, colonnaded mosque built by a Mamluk sultan at the place where Moses is reportedly buried, according to the Muslims. The 12th-century
Monastery of the Qurantul on the
Mount of Temptation is built on a majestic site where Jesus is believed to have fasted for 40 days while tempted by the devil.
Mitzpeh Yericho is the Jewish settlement next to Jericho.
thumb|right|300px| Near central Jericho, November 1996Gush Etzion
Gush Etzion (lang-he|גוש , lit. bloc of the tree) is a group of Israeli settlements in the northern
Judea region of the West Bank. The first modern Jewish attempt to settle the area was in
1927 by a group of
Yemenite Jews who founded an agricultural village. The location was purchased because it was roughly equidistant from Bethlehem and Hebron, and thus fell between the zones of influence of the local Arab clans. Two years later, the
1929 Palestine riots and recurring hostilities forced the group to flee.
1935 saw the founding of
Kfar Etzion, for which the bloc is named, but this attempt was halted by the
1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Four
kibbutzim were ultimately founded after another attempt in
1943; they were destroyed a week before Israel's founding amid the
Kfar Etzion massacre. Jewish settlement resumed after the
1967 Six Day War. Today the bloc is home to over 40,000 Israelis in two urban centers and 18 towns and villages.
thumb|Central BethlehemJordan Valley
The Jordan Valley is a low-lying strip which cleaves down the western border of the country. It is part of the
Great Rift Valley, which extends down southwards into East Africa. Since 1967, every Israeli government has considered the Jordan Valley to be the "eastern border" of Israel and has sought to strengthen the Israeli presence there. To strengthen its hold on the area, Israel has established 26 settlements and five Nahal brigade encampments there, which house some 7,500 residents. Over the years, most of the area has been declared state land and was attached to the jurisdictional area of the
Jordan Valley Regional Council, which includes most of the settlements in the valley. Recently, Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert stated in a TV interview that the Jordan Valley will remain under Israeli control in any future agreement.
Other Israeli settlements
The following is a list of Israeli settlements, not listed above, located in the West Bank:
Adora,
Alei Zahav,
Alfei Menashe,
Almog,
Almon (Anatot),
Alon,
Alon Shvut,
Argaman,
Asfar,
Ateret,
Avnei Hefetz,
Barqan,
Bat Ayin,
Beit Arye,
Beit El,
Beit Ha´arava,
Beit Horon,
Beitar Illit,
Bqa´ot,
Bracha,
Carmel,
Chemdat,
Dolev,
Efrat (Efrata),
El´azar,
Eli (town),
Elkana,
Elon More,
Enav,
Eshkolot,
Etz Efraim,
Ganim (evacuated),
Geva Binyamin,
Gilgal,
Gitit,
Giv´at Ze´ev,
Giv´on Ha´hadasha,
Gva´ot,
Haggai,
Halamish,
Hamra,
Har Adar,
Hashmonaim,
Hermesh,
Hinanit,
Homesh (evacuated),
Immanuel,
Itamar,
Kadim (evacuated),
Kalia,
Karmei Tzur,
Karnei Shomron,
Kedumim,
Keidar,
Kfar Adumim,
Kfar Etzion,
Kfar Ha´oranim (Menorah),
Kfar Tapuah,
Kiryat Arba,
Kiryat Netafim,
Kochav Ha´shachar,
Kochav Ya´akov,
Ma´ale Amos,
Ma´ale Efraim,
Ma´ale Levona,
Ma´ale Michmash,
Ma´ale Shomron,
Ma´on,
Masu´a,
Matityahu,
Mechola,
Mechora,
Metzadot Yehuda,
Mevo Dotan,
Mevo Horon,
Migdal Oz,
Migdalim,
Mitzpe Shalem,
Mitzpe Yericho,
Modi´in Illit,
Na´ale,
Na´ama,
Nahaliel,
Negohot,
Netiv Ha´gdud,
Neve Daniel,
Nili,
Niran,
Nofei Prat,
Nofim,
Nokdim,
Ofarim,
Ofra,
Oranit,
Otniel,
Pedu´el,
Petzael,
Pnei Hever,
Psagot,
Rechelim,
Reihan,
Revava,
Rimonim,
Ro´i,
Rosh Tzurim,
Rotem,
Sal´it,
Sha´arei Tikva,
Shadmot Mehola,
Shaked,
Shani (Livne),
Shavei Shomron,
Shilo,
Shim´a,
Shvut Rachel,
Susiya,
Talmon,
Telem,
Tene,
Tko´a,
Tomer,
Tzofim,
Vered Yericho,
Yafit,
Yakir,
Yitav,
Yitzhar.
Origin of the name
West Bank
The region did not have a separate existence until 1948–9, when it was defined by the
Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan. The name "West Bank" was apparently first used by Jordanians at the time of their
annexation of the region, and has become the most common name used in
English and related languages. The term literally means 'the West bank of the river Jordan'; the Kingdom of Jordan being on the 'East bank' of this same river Jordan.
Judea and Samaria
Prior to this usage of the name "West Bank", the region was commonly referred to as
Judea and Samaria, its long-standing name. For example, U.N. Resolution 181, The 1947 Partition Plan explicitly refers to part of the area as Judea and Samaria. For region boundaries set forth in the resolution see the text
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm here.
Israelis refer to the region either as a unit: "The West Bank" (
Hebrew: "ha-Gada ha-Ma'aravit" "הגדה המערבית"), or as two units:
Judea (Hebrew: "Yehuda" "יהודה") and
Samaria (Hebrew: "Shomron" "שומרון"), after the two biblical kingdoms (the southern
Kingdom of Judah and the northern
Kingdom of Israel — the capital of which was, for a time, in the town of Samaria). The border between Judea and Samaria is a belt of territory immediately north of Jerusalem sometimes called the "land of
Benjamin". The name
Judea and Samaria has been in continual use by Jews as well as various others since
biblical times. This name carries an emotional meaning to many Jews as the cradle of Jewish Nation is derived from the time of
King David in the region, the main religious sites and tombs are present there, and continuous Jewish communities were concentrated in the area throughout the years.
right|thumb|The Israeli settlement of [Ma'ale Levona, with a 2004 population of 514, between Ramallah and Nablus, from different angles.]
Cisjordan/Transjordan
The neo-
Latin name
Cisjordan or
Cis-Jordan (literally "on this side of the
River Jordan") is the usual name in most
Romance languages, in part out of the logical argument that the word "
river bank" should not be applied to a mountainous region. The analogous
Transjordan has historically been used to designate modern-day Jordan which lies on the "eastern banks" of the
River Jordan. In English, the name
Cisjordan is also used to designate the entire region between the
Jordan River and the
Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the historical context of the British Mandate. The use of
Cisjordan to refer to the smaller region discussed in this article is extremely rare; the name
West Bank is standard usage for this geo-political entity. For the low-lying area immediately west of the Jordan, the name
Jordan Valley is used instead.
Status
The future status of the West Bank, together with the
Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the current
Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "
Quartet" comprising the
United States,
Russia, the
European Union, and the
United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with
Israel (see also
proposals for a Palestinian state).
The Palestinian people believe that the West Bank ought to be a part of their sovereign
nation, and that the presence of Israeli military control is a violation of their right to self-determination. The
United Nations calls the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Israeli-occupied (see
Israeli-occupied territories). The
United States generally agrees with this definition. Many Israelis and their supporters prefer the term
disputed territories, claiming it comes closer to a
neutral point of view; this viewpoint is not accepted by most other countries, which consider "occupied" to be the neutral description of status.
Israel that its presence is justified because:
# Israel's eastern border has never been defined by anyone;
# The
disputed territories have not been part of any state (Jordanian annexation was never officially recognized) since the time of the
Ottoman Empire;
# According to the
Camp David Accords (1978) with
Egypt, the 1994 agreement with
Jordan and the
Oslo Accords with the
PLO, the final status of the territories would be fixed only when there was a permanent agreement between Israel and the Palestinians.
Palestinian public opinion is almost unanimous in opposing Israeli military and settler presence on the West Bank as a violation of their right to statehood and Israeli opinion is split into a number of views:
* Complete or partial withdrawal from the West Bank in hopes of peaceful coexistence in separate states (sometimes called the "
land for peace" position); (According to a 2003 poll 76% of Israelis support a peace agreement based on that principle).
[cite web]
|title = Israeli public opinion regarding the conflict
|publisher = The Center for Middle East Peace and Economics Cooperation
|date =
|url = http://www.mifkad.org.il/en/more.asp
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
* Maintenance of a military presence in the West Bank to reduce
Palestinian terrorism by deterrence or by armed intervention, while relinquishing some degree of political control;
*
Annexation of the West Bank while considering the Palestinian population as (for instance) citizens of Jordan with Israeli residence permit as per the
Elon Peace Plan;
* Annexation of the West Bank and assimilation of the Palestinian population to fully fledged Israeli citizens;
* Annexation of the West Bank.
*
Transfer of the East Jerusalem Palestinian population (a 2002 poll at the height of the
Al Aqsa intifada found 46% of Israelis favoring Palestinian transfer of Jerusalem residents;
[cite journal]
|author = Asher Arian
|title = A Further Turn to the Right: Israeli Public Opinion on National Security - 2002
|journal = Strategic Assessment
|volume = 5
|issue = 1
|pages = 50–57
|month = June
|year = 2002
|publisher = Tel Aviv University: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies
|url = http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/sa/v5n1p4Ari.html
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
in 2005 two polls using a different methodology put the number at approximately 30%).
[cite web]
|title = Suppressed poll released following WND story: Results show plurality of Israelis favor booting Palestinians
|author = Aaron Klein
|publisher = WorldNetDaily
|date = February 24, 2005
|url = http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=42855
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
Annexation
Israel annexed the territory of
East Jerusalem, and its Palestinian residents (if they should decline Israeli citizenship) have legal
permanent residency status.
[cite web]
|title = The Quiet Deportation: Revocation of Residency of East Jerusalem Palestinians
|author = Yael Stein
|publisher = Joint report by Hamoked & B'Tselem
|date = April 1997
|url = http://www.btselem.org/Download/199704_Quiet_Deportation_Eng.doc
|format =
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
[cite web]
|title = The Quiet Deportation: Revocation of Residency of East Jerusalem Palestinians (Summary)
|author = Yael Stein
|publisher = Joint report by Hamoked & B'Tselem
|date = April 1997
|url = http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/199704_Quiet_Deportation.asp
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
Although permanent residents are permitted, if they wish, to receive Israeli citizenship if they meet certain conditions including swearing allegiance to the State and renouncing any other citizenship, most Palestinians did not apply for Israeli citizenship for political reasons.
[cite web]
|title = Legal status of East Jerusalem and its residents
|publisher = B'Tselem
|url = http://www.btselem.org/english/Jerusalem/Legal_Status.asp
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its
capture in 1967. The government of Israel has not formally confirmed an official reason, however, historians and analysts have established a variety of such, most of them demographic. Among the most agreed upon:
*Reluctance to award its citizenship to an overwhelming number of a potentially hostile population whose allies were sworn to the destruction of Israel (
Bard,
[cite book]
|author = David Bamberger
|title = A Young Person's History of Israel
|publisher = Behrman House
|date = 1985, 1994
|location = USA
|pages = 182
|id = ISBN 0-87441-393-1
[cite web]
|title = What Occupation?
|publisher = Palestine Facts
|url = http://palestinefacts.org/what_occupation.html
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
)
*Fear that the population of non-
Zionist Arabs would outnumber the Israelis, appeal to different political interests, and vote Israel out of existence; thus failing to maintain the concept and safety of a
democracy and
Jewish state (
Bard,
[ (Bardcite web]
|title = Our Positions: Solving the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|publisher = Free Muslim Coalition Against Terrorism
|url = http://www.freemuslims.org/issues/israel-palestine.php
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
)
*To ultimately exchange the
land for peace with neighbouring states
Settlements and International Law
Israeli settlements on the West Bank beyond the Green Line border are considered by some legal scholars to be illegal under international law.
[cite book]
|author = Emma Playfair (Ed.)
|title = International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|date = 1992
|location = USA
|pages = 396
|id = ISBN 0-198-25297-8
[cite book]
|author = Cecilia Albin
|title = Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|date = 2001
|location = Cambridge
|pages = 150
|id = ISBN 0-521-79725-X
[cite book]
|author = Mark Gibney
|coauthors = Stanlislaw Frankowski
|title = Judicial Protection of Human Rights: Myth or Reality?
|publisher = Praeger/Greenwood
|date = 1999
|location = Westport, CT
|pages = 72
|id = ISBN 0-275-96011-0
['Plia Albeck, legal adviser to the Israeli Government was born in 1937. She died on September 27, 2005, aged 68', The Times, October 5, 2005, p. 71.] Other legal scholars
[cite web]
|title = FAQ on Israeli settlements
|publisher = CBC News
|date = February 26, 2004
|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/settlements.html
|accessdate = 2006-09-27
(including prominent international law expert
Julius Stone),
[http://www.aijac.org.au/resources/reports/international_law.pdf] have argued that the settlements are legal under international law, on a number of different grounds.
The Independent reported in March 2006 that immediately after the 1967 war
Theodor Meron, legal counsel of Israel's Foreign Ministry advised Israeli ministers in a "top secret" memo that any policy of building settlements across occupied territories violated international law and would "contravene the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention".
[Donald Macintyre, 'Israelis were warned on illegality of settlements in 1967 memo', The Independent (London), March 11, 2006, p. 27.][http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0311-06.htm] A contrasting opinion was held by
Eugene Rostow, a former Dean of the Yale Law School and undersecretary of state for political affairs in the administration of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, who wrote in 1991 that Israel has a right to have settlements in the West Bank under 1967's UN Security Council Resolution 242.
[ http://www.tzemachdovid.org/Facts/islegal1.shtml ]It is the policy of both Israel and the United States that the settlements do not violate international law, although the United States considers ongoing settlement activity to be "unhelpful" to the peace process. Israel also recognizes that some small settlements are "illegal" in the sense of being in violation of Israeli law.
[http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief2-16.htm Diplomatic and Legal Aspects of the Settlement Issue, Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 2, No. 16, 19 January, 2003.][http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/how_to_respond/settlements.asp?xflag=1 How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel: Israeli Settlements, Anti-Defamation League website. URL accessed April 10, 2006.] In 2005 the United States ambassador to Israel, Dan Kurtzer, expressed U.S. support "for the retention by Israel of major Israeli population centres
in the West Bank as an outcome of negotiations",
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4382343.stm 'US will accept Israel settlements', BBC News Online, 25 March, 2005.] reflecting President Bush's statement a year earlier that a permanent peace treaty would have to reflect "demographic realities" on the West Bank.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4445839.stm 'UN Condemns Israeli settlements', BBC News Online, 14 April, 2005.] The UN Security Council has issued several non-binding resolutions addressing the issue of the settlements. Typical of these is UN Security Council resolution 446 which states
the practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity, and it calls on Israel
as the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention.[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc!OpenDocument]The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention held in Geneva on
5 December, 2001 called upon "the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention." The High Contracting Parties reaffirmed "the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof."
[http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList325/D86C9E662022D64E41256C6800366D55 Implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territories: history of a multilateral process (1997-2001), International Review of the Red Cross, 2002 - No. 847.]See also Israeli settlementWest Bank barrier
right|thumb|300px|Panoramic view toward Tel Aviv from the Settlement Green line passes less than 20km from central
Tel Aviv">[Peduel in the west bank, the
Green line passes less than 20km from central
Tel Aviv]
The Israeli
West Bank barrier is a physical barrier being constructed by Israel consisting of a network of fences with vehicle-barrier trenches surrounded by an on average 60 meters wide exclusion area (95%) and up to 8 meters high concrete walls (5%). The barrier generally runs along or near the
1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/
Green Line, but diverges in many places
http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/11/05/mideast to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of
Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as
East Jerusalem,
Ariel,
Gush Etzion,
Emmanuel,
Karnei Shomron,
Givat Ze'ev,
Oranit, and
Ma'ale Adummim. Because of the complex path it follows, most of the barrier is actually set in the West Bank, with the result that many
Israeli settlements in the West Bank remain on the Israeli side of the barrier, and some Palestinian towns are nearly encircled by it. The proponents of the barrier claim that its route is not set in stone, as it was challenged in court and changed several times.
The West Bank barrier is justified by Israel as being necessary to deter Palestinian attacks against Israeli civilians, but it has been subject to criticism by the international community. In October 2003 the issue of the barrier was considered by the UN Security Council where the US vetoed a resolution criticising its construction. Later in the same month the General Assembly passed a resolution (non-binding) calling for Israel to stop and reverse the construction of the barrier. The vote was 144 in favor, including all of the EU countries, and 4 against including the US. Subsequently the General Assembly passed the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ found in a non-binding advisory opinion that the construction of the barrier was contrary to international law and that Israel should cease construction, dismantle existing structures and make reparations for loss and damage involved. The Court also ruled that all States 'are under an obligation not to recognize the (...) wall and under an obligation not to render aid or assistance'.
[http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2004/ipresscom2004-28_mwp_20040709.htm ] History
main|History of the West Bank and Gaza
The territories now known as the West Bank were part of the Mandate of Palestine granted to Great Britain by the League of Nations after WW1. The current border of the West Bank was not a dividing line of any sort during the Mandate period. When the United Nations General Assembly voted in 1947 to partition Palestine into a Jewish State, an Arab State, and an internationally-administered enclave of Jerusalem, almost all of the West Bank was assigned to the Arab State. In the ensuing 1948 Arab-Israel war, the territory was captured by the neighboring kingdom of Jordan. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950 but this annexation was recognized only by the
United Kingdom. (
Pakistan is often, but apparently falsely,
http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo55.pdf assumed to have recognized it also.)
The
1948 Armistice Agreements established the "Green Line" separating the territories held by Israel and its neighbors. During the 1950s, there was a significant
influx of Palestinian refugees and violence together with Israeli reprisal raids across the Green Line. In the
Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured this territory, and in November, 1967,
UN Security Council Resolution 242 was unanimously adopted. All parties eventually accepted it and agree to its applicability to the West
In 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank to the
Palestine Liberation Organization, as "the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people."
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/88_july31.htmlhttp://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557747_2/West_Bank.html The 1993
Oslo Accords declared the final status of the West Bank to be subject to a forthcoming settlement between
Israel and the Palestinian leadership. Following these interim accords, Israel withdrew its military rule from some parts of West Bank, which was then split into:
* Palestinian-controlled, Palestinian-administered land (Area A)
* Israeli-controlled, but Palestinian-administered land (Area B)
* Israeli-controlled, Israeli-administered land (Area C)
Areas B and C constitute the majority of the territory, comprising the rural areas and the
Jordan River valley region, while urban areas – where the majority of the Palestinian population resides – are mostly designated Area A.
(See
Israeli settlements for a discussion of the legal standing of Israeli settlements in the West Bank.)
Transport and communication
Roads
The West Bank has 4,500 km of roads, of which 2,700 km are paved.
In response to shootings by Palestinians, some highways, especially those leading to
Israeli settlements, are completely inaccessible to cars with Palestinian license plates, while many other roads are restricted only to public transportation and to Palestinians who have special permits from Israeli authorities
http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/OCHAoPt_ClosureAnalysis0106_En.pdfhttp://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a39191b210be1d6085256da90053dee5/43fc268b1bf484fd85256c610065c63a!OpenDocument http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/5189f43f72a68a2785256c61005a58ea!OpenDocument.
Due to numerous shooting
assaults
targeting Israeli vehicles, the
IDF bars Israelis from using most of the original roads in the West Bank. Israel's longstanding policy of separation-to-prevent-friction dictates the development of alternative highway systems for Israelis and Palestinian traffic.
Israel maintains 50+ checkpoints in the West Bank
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/settlements_checkpoints.stm.
As such, movement restrictions are also placed on main roads traditionally used by Palestinians to travel between cities, and such restrictions have been blamed for poverty and economic depression in the West Bank
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/ocha-opt-26apr.pdf. Since the beginning of 2005, there has been some amelioration of these restrictions. According to recent human rights reports, "Israel has made efforts to improve transport contiguity for Palestinians travelling in the West Bank. It has done this by constructing underpasses and bridges (28 of which have been constructed and 16 of which are planned) that link Palestinian areas separated from each other by Israeli settlements and bypass roads"
http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/ochaHU0805_En.pdf and by removal of checkpoints and physical obstacles, or by not reacting to Palestinian removal or natural erosion of other obstacles. "The impact (of these actions) is most felt by the easing of movement between villages and between villages and the urban centres"
http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/docs/UN/OCHA/ochaHU0805_En.pdf.
However, the obstacles encircling major Palestinian urban hubs, particularly Nablus and Hebron, have remained. In addition, the
IDF prohibits Israeli citizens from entering Palestinian-controlled land (Area A).
300px|thumb|A section of the Israeli West Bank barrier.Airports
The West Bank has three paved airports which are currently for military use only. The only civilian airport of
Atarot Airport in northern Jerusalem, which was open only to Israeli citizens, was closed in 2001 due to the Intifada. Palestinians were previously able to use Israel's
Ben Gurion International Airport with permission; however, Israel has discontinued issuing such permits, and Palestinians wishing to travel must cross the land border to either
Jordan or
Egypt in order to use airports located in these countries
http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=5636&CategoryId=14.
Telecom
The Israeli
Bezeq and Palestinian
PalTel telecommunication companies provide communication services in the West Bank.
Radio and television
The
Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local privately owned stations are also in operation. Most Palestinian households have a radio and TV, and satellite dishes for receiving international coverage are widespread. Recently, PalTel announced and has begun implementing an initiative to provide ADSL broadband internet service to all households and businesses.
Israel's
cable television company
'HOT', satellite television provider (
DBS)
'Yes', AM & FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate. Broadband internet service by Bezeq's ADSL and by the cable company are available as well.
Higher education
Before 1967 there were no universities in the West Bank (except for the Hebrew University in Jerusalem - see below). There were a few lesser institutions of higher education; for example,
An-Najah, which started as an elementary school in 1918 and became a community college in 1963. As the Jordanian government did not allow the establishment of such universities in the West Bank, Palestinians could obtain degrees only by travelling abroad to places such as Jordan, Lebanon, or Europe.
After the region was captured by Israel in the
Six-Day War, several educational institutions began offering undergraduate courses, while others opened up as entirely new universities. In total, seven Universities have been commissioned in the West Bank since 1967:
*
Bethlehem University, a
Roman Catholic institution partially funded by the
Vatican, opened its doors in 1973
http://www.bethlehem.edu/about/history.shtml.
* In 1975, Birzeit College (located in the town of
Bir Zeit north of
Ramallah) became
Birzeit University after adding third- and fourth-year college-level programs
http://www.birzeit.edu/p/ps?url=about/history2&id=50208.
* An-Najah College in
Nablus likewise became
An-Najah National University in 1977
http://www.najah.edu/.
* The
Hebron University was established in 1980
http://www.hebron.edu*
Al-Quds University, whose founders had yearned to establish a university in Jerusalem since the early days of Jordanian rule, finally realized their goal in 1995
http://www.alquds.edu/gen_info/index.php?page=overview.
* Also in 1995, after the signing of the
Oslo Accords, the
Arab American University—the only private university in the West Bank—was founded in
Jenin, with the purpose of providing courses according to the
American system of education http://www.aauj.edu/overview/um/um.htm.
* In 2005, the
College of Judea and Samaria in
Ariel was approved to become a full fledged university
http://www.yosh.ac.il/About.asp. This move to create a university within an
Israeli settlement has angered some Palestinians, although no official response was made by the Palestinian authority.
* The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, established in 1918, is one of Israel's oldest, largest, and most important institutes of higher learning and research. During the
1948 Arab-Israeli War, the leader of the Palestinian forces in Jerusalem,
Abdul Kader Husseini, threatened that the Hadassah Hospital and the Hebrew University would be captured or destroyed "if the Jews continued to use them as bases for attacks".
['Husseini Threatens Hadassah', The Palestine Post, 18 March, 1948, p. 1.] Medical convoys between the Yishuv-controlled section of Jerusalem and Mount Scopus were attacked since December 1947.
[ The Palestine Post, 14 April, 1948, p. 3 ] After the
Hadassah medical convoy massacre in 1948, which also included university staff, the Mount Scopus campus was cut off from the Jewish part of Jerusalem. After the War, the University was forced to relocate to a new campus in Givat Ram in western Jerusalem. After Israel captured
East Jerusalem in the
Six-Day War of June 1967, the University returned to its original campus in Mount Scopus.
Most universities in the West Bank have politically active student bodies, and elections of student council officers are normally along party affiliations. Although the establishment of the universities was initially allowed by the Israeli authorities, some were sporadically ordered closed by the Israeli Civil Administration during the 1970s and 1980s to prevent political activities and violence against the
IDF. Some universities remained closed by military order for extended periods during years immediately preceding and following the first Palestinian
Intifada, but have largely remained open since the signing of the Oslo Accords despite the advent of the
Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000.
The founding of Palestinian universities has greatly increased education levels among the population in the West Bank. According to a Birzeit University study, the percentage of Palestinians choosing local universities as opposed to foreign institutions has been steadily increasing; as of 1997, 41% of Palestinians with bachelor degrees had obtained them from Palestinian institutions
http://home.birzeit.edu/dsp/research/publications/2002/49e.pdf. According to UNESCO, Palestinians are one of the most highly educated groups in the Middle East "despite often difficult circumstances"
http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17238&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. The literacy rate among Palestinians in the West Bank (and Gaza) (89%) is third highest in the region after Israel (95%) and Jordan (90%)
http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/indic_2_1_1.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/Is.html https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/we.html.
Notes
References
*Albin, Cecilia (2001). Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79725-X
*Bamberger, David (1985, 1994).
A Young Person's History of Israel. Behrman House. ISBN 0-87441-393-1
*Gibney, Mark and Frankowski, Stanislaw (1999).
Judicial Protection of Human Rights. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96011-0
*Playfair, Emma (Ed.). (1992).
International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-25297-8
See also
*
Economy of the West Bank*
Geography of the West Bank*
Israeli West Bank barrier*
West Bank Closures*
Nakba (Palestinian exodus)
*
Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan*
Palestine (region)*
Israeli Settlements
*
Israel* Villaga of
faqqua,
Jenin district
External links
sisterlinks|West
*
https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/we.html West Bank from the
CIA World Factbook*
http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm Palestine Facts & Info from Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs
*
http://lawcenter.birzeit.edu/publications/dewaart.html The Legal Status of Palestine Under International Law (Supports Palestinian claims)*
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ United Nations - Question of Palestine*
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0n1m0 Disputed Territories: Forgotten Facts about the West Bank and Gaza Strip - from the Israeli government*
http://www.israelipalestinianprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5%2dE%2dSubs%2edb&command=viewone&id=16&op=t The Westbank Dispute Analysis from ProCon*
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/westbank_july_1992.jpg Large map of West Bank (1992)*
http://www.aliyahbook.com MOVING UP: An Aliyah Journal, the new book, is an upbeat account about Aliyah and life in Israel.
*
http://www.poica.org/maps/index.php A series of geopolitical maps of the West Bank*
http://www.americanthinker.com/articles.php?article_id=4992 "American Thinker" opinion article which disputes some of the data in this article*
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/88_july31.html 1988 "Address to the Nation" by King Hussein of Jordan Ceding Jordanian Claims to the West Bank to the PLO coor title
Cities of
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